Gold And The Banks

A lot of things are said to drive the gold market, but a good argument can be made that banking health is a major driver, if not the major driver.  I made this point about our current markets in my article "Gold, The New Anti-Commodity, And Derivatives".  After comparing the resurgence of GLD to a few of the usual suspects that gold is supposed to respond to, and finding little or no correlation, I compared gold to the inverse of the financials, and here we do, in fact, find a pretty solid correlation going on right now :


 

In horseshoes, we call this a "leaner," the next best thing to a dead ringer. Here we see that gold has been strongly correlating to the inverse of the financials. It's the banks that gold seems to be mainly concerned with ...

Over the years, there has been a very strong correlation between the big gold moves and bank health. This isn't talked or written about very much as gold is supposed to move opposite the dollar, opposite the stock market, or as a result of interest rate changes.  But if you examine history, you find that the most massive gains in the gold miners tend to happen when very serious trouble is engulfing the banking world.

It certainly was so in the 1930s. As I pointed out in my article "A Study In Crashology", there were a lot of moving parts in the puzzle back then.  Most people think the stock market crash in 1929 was the immediate cause of the Depression.  But this market event was just a big valuation correction of speculation in the Roaring '20s, and just a garden variety recession was going on in the economy.  In fact, we were recovering from this recession when the real trouble started. What happened to cause something more was the involvement of the banks with Wall Street in all this reckless speculation, and the fact that many banks lost so big in the stock crash.  This giant problem led to the Glass-Steagall Act of 1934 that put up a wall between banks and investment - no mingling of depositors' money and speculation.  More than any other factor, this banking illness induced one of the mega bull markets in gold mining.  In historical context, it looks like this:

Looking at the historic gold miner climb "A":

 Here we must use Homestake Mining as our index (since none existed back then) but other giant gold miners such as Dome Mines did a similar thing.  Please note that in the years 1924 to 1929, both the gold miners and the stock market were bulls, which isn't supposed to happen, but it does all the time.  Also note that the huge miner move wasn't some baseless fear contagion without a dime of fundamentals behind it. The above chart has the earnings and dividend payout yearly, and as you can see, these did a monstrous climb as well. But perhaps most noteworthy about this chart is that the horrible stock market crash of 1929 barely caused a ripple in gold mining shares.  It was the approaching bank problems that sent the miners into a much higher gear.

Another bout of serious banking problems hit during the Savings and Loan Crisis of the 1980s. Before this was over, nearly 1 out of  3 Savings and Loans went under at a horrendous bail-out cost.  Despite all the supposed protections built into the system, this speculation mess cost every tax paying American over $1000 chipped in from their own wallets.  This was during a grinding bear market in gold after the 1980 bull market peak, but the gold miners did a spectacular climb at the peak of the bank failures:

There was the stock market crash of October, 1987, but the gold miners got clobbered along with that, and the only other significant thing going on in that year to cause a whopping 100% gain in the XAU miner index in a gold bear market in less than a year was the severe trouble in the banking world.

At the Federal Reserve History web site, the piece "The Banking Panics of 1931-1933" blatantly said that gold responded to the banks:

On September 21, 1931, Great Britain left the gold standard—that is, withdrew its promise to provide a specific amount of gold in exchange for its bank notes (Wicker 1996).  Foreigners became concerned the United States would do the same and began converting their dollar assets to gold. This external drain caused a large reduction in the US gold supply.  At the same time, depositors became concerned about the safety of banks and withdrew currency from their accounts, creating an internal drain on the banking system (Friedman and Schwartz 1963).  Together, these external and internal drains reduced the money supply, deepening the deflation which propagated the depression.

Can such a horrible thing happen again?  Don't we have the FDIC to protect us?  If a mass withdrawal panic were to happen again, the FDIC would cover about the first 1% of failure.  At the leading edge of negative interest and the other bank destroying avant-garde measures is Japan, and there we see home safe sales are soaring.  This is not a good pied piper to be following.

You may have noticed on the above chart of bank failures that a boiling pot of trouble comes along every 36 years, but at the 1944 juncture, just the opposite happened - a virtual disappearance of bank trouble - for 36 years.  What strange thing happened here, and what does it have to do with gold?  Bretton Woods happened and it had everything in the world to do with gold.

This was a conference in July, 1944 in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, where 730 delegates from  over 40 nations came together because they were all sick of the banking and currency troubles that had beset the nations ever since we strayed from monetary gold and silver starting in the late 1800s.  We created the Federal Reserve System in 1913 thinking we had little need for precious metals in our modern economies.  And we had experienced a world war and a punitive treaty against Germany that resulted in an inflationary destruction of that nation.  This had led to yet another world war.  And in the meantime, we had allowed wanton speculation in the bank world to take depositors' life savings and demean our whole economy into an unnecessary depression.

We fixed all that.  Glass-Steagall was put into effect in the mid '30s to protect our banks from the careless speculators, and Bretton Woods was signed in 1944 to strictly tie the world's finances again to gold. The goal was to prevent competitive currency devaluations and over leveraged Wall Street (vs real economy) investing.  Does this sound familiar ?  By Wikipedia's account,

In the 1920s, international flows of speculative financial capital increased, leading to extremes in balance of payments situations ... Flows of speculative international finance were curtailed [ by Bretton Woods ] by shunting them through and limiting them via central banks. This meant that international flows of investment went into foreign direct investment (FDI) - i.e., construction of factories overseas, rather than international currency manipulation or bond markets

This sounds like all the things that need to be stopped today.  At Bretton Woods, the upshot of their wrangling was that the US dollar was strictly set to convertibility to gold, and the rest of the world's currencies strictly (+ or - 1%) set to the US dollar.  Could such a thing even really work? Well, judge for yourself:

Duh - yeah, I'd say it could work.  It worked until Richard Nixon in 1971 and Bill Clinton in 1999.  President Nixon undid the gold part.  And now the rats have been let back out of their cage and are well on their way to ruining the world again.  In 1971:

A negative balance of payments, growing public debt incurred by the Vietnam War and Great Society programs, and monetary inflation by the Federal Reserve caused the dollar to become increasingly overvalued.  The drain on US gold reserves culminated with the London Gold Pool collapse in March 1968.  By 1970, the U.S. had seen its gold coverage deteriorate from 55% to 22%.  This, in the view of neoclassical economists, represented the point where holders of the dollar had lost faith in the ability of the U.S. to cut budget and trade deficits.

In 1971 more and more dollars were being printed in Washington, then being pumped overseas, to pay for government expenditure on the military and social programs ... In response, on 15 August 1971, Nixon ..."closed the gold window", making the dollar inconvertible to gold directly, except on the open market.  Unusually, this decision was made without consulting members of the international monetary system or even his own State Department, and was soon dubbed the Nixon Shock.

Then, president Clinton undid the Glass-Steagall part.  And we have had one banking crisis after another ever since with the biggest one probably yet to come.

Regarding the historic panorama of bank failures shown above, you may notice that the great gold bull market of the 1970s had no correlating bulge of bank failures.  We can actually explain that in just three words - Richard Mischievous Nixon.  He said he wasn't a crook, but his Watergate lying was just the tip of the ethics iceberg.  He passed himself off in elections as a fiscal conservative, but per the account at Investopia "The Great Inflation of The 1970s":

Nixon ran budget deficits, supported an incomes policy and eventually announced that he was a Keynesian ... John Maynard Keynes was an influential British economist of the 1930s and 1940s. He had advocated revolutionary measures: governments should use countercyclical policies in hard times, running deficits in recessions and depressions. Before Keynes, governments in bad times had generally balanced budgets and waited for malinvestments to liquidate, allowing market forces to bring a recovery.

 "Malinvestment" is the key word David Stockman now uses in describing the unprecedented problems banks face today, where natural market forces have been obliterated.  Stockman was Reagan's Office of Management and Budget (OMB) chief and wrote the recent best seller "The Great Deformation" describing this historic destruction of free market forces.  He greatly helped us get out of Nixon's '70s mess.  Going into the 1972 election, Nixon wanted cheap money no matter what:

President Nixon's primary concern was not dollar holders or deficits or even inflation ... Nixon fired Fed Chairman ... Martin, and installed presidential counselor Arthur Burns as Martin's successor in early 1971.  Although the Fed is supposed to be solely dedicated to money creation policies that promote growth without excessive inflation, Burns was quickly taught the political facts of life.  Nixon wanted cheap money: low interest rates that would promote growth in the short term and make the economy seem strong as voters were casting ballots.

Nixon got his cheap money and the election.  He said "We'll take inflation if necessary, but we can't take unemployment".  We soon had both after he was bounced out of office.  Jeremy Sigel (Stocks For The Long Run author) is quoted as rating this "the greatest failure of American macroeconomic policy" since the Depression.  And although Americans generally think of this dark period as the fault of the OPEC oil shocks, The Wall Street Journal is quoted as saying, "OPEC got all the credit for what the U.S. had mainly done to itself."

So the 1970s saw a great gold bull market, no bulge of bank failures, but all the key things that cause bank failures, dished out by Nixon, were there.  The gold market knew this. The banks, however had just been through the massive strengthening measures of nearly 30 years of Bretton Woods and had withstood the relatively brief onslaught by Nixon after he did the hatchet job on the agreement in 1971.  Thus, no bank failure bulge on the map above.  We are in a far, far different situation today with our banks.

Actually, the actions of Nixon did have their ultimate impact on banking, for it was the destabilized interest rates he caused that were a prime cause of the Savings and Loan Crisis.  It just took about 10 years to boil up.

So will we have a return of the 36 year cycle of banking trouble start to boil again in 2016, 36 years after 1980 and the start of the last banking failure debacle?  We have been papering over banking problems since 2008 with an unprecedented blizzard of measures unhinged from gold.  The gold miners have certainly looked at the bank world this year and clearly do not like what they see there.  As seen above, their market signal has been reliable in the past.  It isn't really a secret that bad energy company loans issued in the aberrant zero interest frenzy of the last several years are a problem right now for banking.  And many are saying it's just a passing energy sector thing, contained, like sub-prime was to be.  But if you dare to peak at a broader picture of this bad loan thing, you see this:

Looking at all loans, we are entering a very typical pattern of a long bottoming of bad loans now sharply ramping up into the recession zone.  But I think the gold market could be looking at something more ominous than this - the out-of-control derivatives books of the web of major banks, especially in Europe.  There is a danger that continued commodity weakness, especially in copper and oil, could bring on another derivative storm, as happened in 2008, only with much more derivatives in a much more unstable environment in interest rates - what 75% of derivatives are based on. We have gone from projecting four interest increases this year to now projecting zero and resorting to helicopter money in the space of less than one year. This is not a stable environment for the $700 trillion derivatives hot potato to be tossed around in.  It is the banks primarily playing this game of hot potato to the detriment of us all.

But as I said in my recent article on Jim Grant's helicopter money call and its relation to gold:

The printing presses can seemingly fix anything forever, but the ultimate in all this may be evident at what Jim Grant referred to above as the leading edge of all this monetary lunacy, Japan.  There we see home safe sales are skyrocketing.  And in another avant-garde corner, we have a recent piece on Italy's banks and who and how to bail them out of their mismanagement and insolvency.  After exploring all the "emergency liquidity" options, the article concluded:

The real threat is if the local population wakes up to the risk of holding their savings in a financial system that is now teetering on the edge, something Renzi [ Italy's prime minister ] himself admitted when he said that he "hoped to use a liquidity backstop to contain investor panic, which could result in a run on deposits and affect banks’ liquidity." Because even if it buys up every bond, loan and stock in the world, the ECB will not be able to fix the public's loss of trust in fractional reserve banking.

Gold and bank troubles are strongly linked, and both appear poised for bull markets.

The Helicopter Paradigm

Jim Grant made a most  interesting call on the markets back in September.  He is something of a perma-contrarian residing out of the box in his thinking.  According to a recent article  in the Dallas Morning News "Wall Street Stars Look For Truth In Packaging" Jim Grant and his Interest Rate Observer have a "star quality" track record.  Of Will Danoff, editor of the Observer, it said he:

manages Fidelity’s $110 billion Contrafund and has one of the best track records on Wall Street over the last 25 years

So what did Jim say recently that was so interesting?  Clear back in September, 2015, when everyone and their dog was debating the only important topic of the day - how many times and when will the Fed hike rates because the economy is so good on its own now - Grant wrote an article titled "Jim Grant On Helicopter Money And The Comeback Of Gold".  Mind you this was back when gold was still dead, buried, and detested, and very few were buzzing about helicopters.  On the free credit binge of recent years leading to malinvestment and mismanagement, resulting in mass loan troubles resulting in more stimulus needed, he said this:

So it’s seemingly a never ending, circular process of so called stimulus leading to still more stimulus and unconventional ideas leading to radical ideas. I dare to say that we have not yet seen the most radical brainwaves of the mandarins running our central banks.

What do you think this will look like?  They don’t keep those things as a secret. They talk quite openly about "direct monetary funding" which is what Milton Friedman had in mind when he coined the phrase “helicopter money”.  So the next idea is just bypassing the banking system altogether and mailing out checks to the citizens.

Would something like that even work?  All this monetary stimulus does two things in a reciprocal way:  It pushes failure into the future and brings consumption into the present. Providing marginal businesses with very cheap credit is inviting companies that have passed their useful days of their commercial lives to pretending some kind of an afterlife thanks to the subsidies from the central banks.  But capitalism is inherently a dynamic system based on entrepreneurship and to new inventions. It’s a little bit like the forest for the trees: You need life but you also need death.  Without death there is no room for a new generation and what you get is Japan ...

According to Grant, we have arrived at what Marc Faber has been projecting in monetary policy now for the last 15 years, and I've been writing articles about for the last 7 years - something he has been calling "zero hour", where a law of diminishing returns for each new monetary debt dollar added gets lower real economic return, which goes to zero in 2015.  It has happened to the year per Faber's projection 15 years ago! In the September, 2015 article, Grant said:

This is a monetary moment. I think we are looking at the beginning of the world’s reappraisal of the words and deeds of central bankers like Janet Yellen and Mario Draghi.  What we’re waiting for is a sufficient recognition of the monetary disorder.  You see monetary disorder manifested in super low interest rates, in the mispricing of credit broadly and you see it in the escalation of radical monetary nastrums that are floating out of the various central banks and established temples of thought: Negative real rates, negative nominal rates and the idea of helicopter money.  So you need some hedge against things not going according to the script and that makes gold and gold mining equities terrifically interesting now.

"Now" meaning September, 2015 and he was so right.  There are many now saying that the coming helicopter era means a booming stock market again, and this must be the end of gold's upstart bull market.  This is the old teeter totter thinking on gold and the stock market.  If one goes up the other must go down.  I beg to differ.  It's not that simplistic and history proves it. There are many different gold measures over history. You could just look at the gold price, but before 1971 you had a government set gold price and the only investment available was the gold miners. All the miner indices have originated long after 1971 except the Barron's Gold Mining Index BGMI.  So to compare apples to apples, let's look at this index:

Here we see two cases of raging bull stock markets being shaded only by two raging bull gold markets.  The 1960s stock market was glorious, rivaling any period in history.  During this time, gold was set at $35 an ounce, but was highly sought after for currency purposes.  It was becoming more and more of a strain to gold back currency until, finally, Nixon "closed" the gold window and gold was set by market forces. Here was a clear case of the miners strongly leading the metal price. It was a currency thing back then.

Another case of gold bull and stock bull living in harmony was this:

A five year bull market existed from 1924 to 1929 in both stocks and gold miners. The BGMI didn't exist back then, but Homestake Mining was a behemoth that represented what the miners did.  Dome Mines was another giant that was a remarkable performer during those years.  Here again, as FDR confiscated and revalued gold, it was a currency thing.

In the 1990s, the Alan Greenspan Fed made loose money and the "Greenspan put" the modus operandi of the markets, including the housing market.  During 2002 to 2008, as this currency debasement proceeded into a debt crisis, it was again a currency thing.

Now with helicopter money, it looks to be yet another currency thing that will drive gold, and again we see the miners very strongly leading the metal price, just as they did in the above graph going into the banking failure epidemic of the early 1930s.

It seems more likely that, instead of a simplistic teeter totter relation between the stock market and gold, we will see the more historical relation play out.  Jim Grant was spot on with his September call on the turn to helicopters and gold, and that relationship will probably continue.

So we would be "pushing failure into the future" as Jim Grant puts it, but how far into the future?  Well, all kinds of instability develops with all this pushing.  Deutsche Bank is often discussed as the "too systemic to fail" entity.  Doesn't this just guarantee a helicopter bail out, even though it's supposed to go directly to the people?  The people will have to be protected against frozen ATMs won't they?  DB is a bank, and it is just the poster child for all the big banks, and in our digital, derivative laced world, all of our banks. The people will function only if their banks function. The bank stocks, by the way, have sunk far, far below their all time highs, and many critical bank shares are falling fast.

So how far can all this go?  I don't know, but I can't help but consider a simple thought experiment. Picture if you will, the following scene. You are taking your hard earned money to your trusty bank and are greeted with the pretty sign out front that says something like "Yada Yada Bank and Trust".  That's what banking is all about, you know - trust.  When you sign to create your account, the fine print actually says you are giving your money to them as their property to do with as they please. Traditionally, this meant the bank loaning it out and making profits with interest, and giving you back your money, all of it, whenever you say.  In this post Glass-Steagall, negative interest rate age, it doesn't mean that anymore.  It means they are thinking, as they are in that bold frontier in creative socialism, Greece, that a bank's depositors are legally bound to bail a management sinking from derivatives gone awry or whatever other problems crop up from their stupidity. "Bail-in" is the new buzz word for it. They used to call it bank robbery.

So as you stroll past your bank's trust sign, now picture a helicopter chopping the air, and you see that it is unloading an emergency treatment of money to your trusted bank.  This is because the trusted management of your trusted bank has so screwed up that the chopper load is its only way to survive.  As you carry your load past the sign, with the helicopter landing on the roof, you hesitate with your bundle of hard earned money.

The printing presses can seemingly fix anything forever, but the ultimate in all this may be evident at what Jim Grant referred to above as the leading edge of all this monetary lunacy, Japan.  There we see home safe sales are skyrocketing.  And in another avant-garde corner, we have a recent piece on Italy's banks and who and how to bail them out of their mismanagement and insolvency.  After exploring all the paper-over "emergency liquidity" options, the article concluded:

The real threat is if the local population wakes up to the risk of holding their savings in a financial system that is now teetering on the edge, something Renzi [ Italy's prime minister ] himself admitted when he said that he "hoped to use a liquidity backstop to contain investor panic, which could result in a run on deposits and affect banks’ liquidity." Because even if it buys up every bond, loan and stock in the world, the ECB will not be able to fix the public's loss of trust in fractional reserve banking.

A new paradigm may not fix what depositors will think of the helicopters on the roof.